2019-01-04 | Java | Unlock

HashMap

简介

HashMap采用key/value存储结构,每个key对应唯一的value,查询和修改的速度都很快,能达到O(1)的平均时间复杂度。它是非线程安全的,且不保证元素存储的顺序;

继承体系

HashMap.png

HashMap实现了Cloneable,可以被克隆。

HashMap实现了Serializable,可以被序列化。

HashMap继承自AbstractMap,实现了Map接口,具有Map的所有功能。

存储结构

HashMap1.png

在Java中,HashMap的实现采用了(数组 + 链表 + 红黑树)的复杂结构,数组的一个元素又称作桶。

在添加元素时,会根据hash值算出元素在数组中的位置,如果该位置没有元素,则直接把元素放置在此处,如果该位置有元素了,则把元素以链表的形式放置在链表的尾部。

当一个链表的元素个数达到一定的数量(且数组的长度达到一定的长度)后,则把链表转化为红黑树,从而提高效率。

数组的查询效率为O(1),链表的查询效率是O(k),红黑树的查询效率是O(log k),k为桶中的元素个数,所以当元素数量非常多的时候,转化为红黑树能极大地提高效率。

源码解析

属性

/**
 * The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
 * 默认的初始容量为16
 */
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16

/**
 * The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
 * by either of the constructors with arguments.
 * MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
 * 最大的容量为2的30次方
 */
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

/**
 * The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
 * 默认的装载因子
 */
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

/**
 * The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
 * bin.  Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
 * bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
 * than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
 * tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
 * shrinkage.
 * 当一个桶中的元素个数大于等于8时进行树化
 */
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;

/**
 * The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
 * resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
 * most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
 * 当一个桶中的元素个数小于等于6时把树转化为链表
 */
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;

/**
 * The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
 * (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
 * Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
 * between resizing and treeification thresholds.
 * 当桶的个数达到64的时候才进行树化
 */
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;

/**
 * The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
 * necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
 * (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
 * bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
 *  数组,又叫作桶(bucket)
 */
transient Node<K,V>[] table;

/**
 * Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
 * for keySet() and values().
 * 作为entrySet()的缓存
 */
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;

/**
 * The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
 * 元素的数量
 */
transient int size;

/**
 * The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
 * Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
 * the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
 * rehash).  This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
 * the HashMap fail-fast.  (See ConcurrentModificationException).
 * 修改次数,用于在迭代的时候执行快速失败策略
 */
transient int modCount;

/**
 * The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
 *    当桶的使用数量达到多少时进行扩容,threshold = capacity * loadFactor
 * @serial
 */
// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
int threshold;

/**
 * The load factor for the hash table.
 * 装载因子
 * @serial
 */
final float loadFactor;

(1)容量

容量为数组的长度,亦即桶的个数,默认为16,最大为2的30次方,当容量达到64时才可以树化。

(2)装载因子

装载因子用来计算容量达到多少时才进行扩容,默认装载因子为0.75。

(3)树化

树化,当容量达到64且链表的长度达到8时进行树化,当链表的长度小于6时反树化。

Node内部类

Node是一个典型的单链表节点,其中,hash用来存储key计算得来的hash值。

/**
 * Basic hash bin node, used for most entries.  (See below for
 * TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
 */
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
    final int hash;
    final K key;
    V value;
    Node<K,V> next;

    Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
        this.hash = hash;
        this.key = key;
        this.value = value;
        this.next = next;
    }

    public final K getKey()        { return key; }
    public final V getValue()      { return value; }
    public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }

    public final int hashCode() {
        return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
    }

    public final V setValue(V newValue) {
        V oldValue = value;
        value = newValue;
        return oldValue;
    }

    public final boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (o == this)
            return true;
        if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
            Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
            if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
                Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }
}

TreeNode内部类

这个类继承自LinkedHashMap中的Entry类。

TreeNode是一个典型的树型节点,其中,prev是链表中的节点,用于在删除元素的时候可以快速找到它的前置节点。

// 位于HashMap中
/**
 * Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
 * extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
 * linked node.
 */
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
    TreeNode<K,V> parent;  // red-black tree links
    TreeNode<K,V> left;
    TreeNode<K,V> right;
    TreeNode<K,V> prev;    // needed to unlink next upon deletion
    boolean red;
}

// 位于LinkedHashMap中,典型的双向链表节点
static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> {
    Entry<K,V> before, after;
    Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
        super(hash, key, value, next);
    }
}

HashMap()构造方法

空参构造方法,全部使用默认值。

/**
 * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
 * (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
 */
public HashMap() {
    this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}

HashMap(int initialCapacity)构造方法

调用HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)构造方法,传入默认装载因子。

/**
 * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 * capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
 *
 * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity.
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
 */
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
    this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}

HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)构造方法

判断传入的初始容量和装载因子是否合法,并计算扩容门槛,扩容门槛为传入的初始容量往上取最近的2的n次方。

/**
 * Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
 * capacity and load factor.
 *
 * @param  initialCapacity the initial capacity
 * @param  loadFactor      the load factor
 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
 *         or the load factor is nonpositive
 */
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
    // 检查传入的初始容量是否合法
    if (initialCapacity < 0)
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                           initialCapacity);
    if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
        initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
    // 检查装载因子是否合法
    if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                           loadFactor);
    this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
    // 计算扩容门槛
    this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}

/**
 * Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
 */
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
    // 扩容门槛为传入的初始容量往上取最近的2的n次方
    int n = cap - 1;
    n |= n >>> 1;
    n |= n >>> 2;
    n |= n >>> 4;
    n |= n >>> 8;
    n |= n >>> 16;
    return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}

put(K key, V value)方法

添加元素的入口。

/**
 * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
 * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
 * value is replaced.
 *
 * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
 * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
 * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
 *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
 *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
 *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
 */
public V put(K key, V value) {
    // 调用hash(key)计算出key的hash值
    return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}

/**
 * Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
 * to lower.  Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
 * hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
 * always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
 * holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.)  So we
 * apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
 * downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
 * quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
 * are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
 * spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
 * collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
 * cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
 * to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
 * never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
 */
static final int hash(Object key) {
    int h;
    // 如果key为null,则hash值为0,否则调用key的hashCode()方法
    // 并让高16位与整个hash异或,这样做是为了使计算出的hash更分散
    return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}


/**
 * Implements Map.put and related methods.
 *
 * @param hash hash for key
 * @param key the key
 * @param value the value to put
 * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
 * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
 * @return previous value, or null if none
 */
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
               boolean evict) {
    Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
    // 如果桶的数量为0,则初始化
    if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
        // 调用resize()初始化
        n = (tab = resize()).length;
    // (n - 1) & hash 计算元素在哪个桶中
    // 如果这个桶中还没有元素,则把这个元素放在桶中的第一个位置
    if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
        // 新建一个节点放在桶中
        tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
    else {
        // 如果桶中已经有元素存在了
        Node<K,V> e; 
        K k;
        // 如果桶中第一个元素的key与待插入元素的key相同,保存到e中用于后续修改value值
        if (p.hash == hash &&
            ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
            e = p;
        else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
            // 如果第一个元素是树节点,则调用树节点的putTreeVal插入元素
            e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
        else {
            // 遍历这个桶对应的链表,binCount用于存储链表中元素的个数
            for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                 // 如果链表遍历完了都没有找到相同key的元素,说明该key对应的元素不存在,则在链表最后插入一个新节点
                if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                    p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                    // 如果插入新节点后链表长度大于8,则判断是否需要树化,因为第一个元素没有加到binCount中,所以这里-1
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                        treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                    break;
                }
                // 如果待插入的key在链表中找到了,则退出循环
                if (e.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    break;
                p = e;
            }
        }
        // 如果找到了对应key的元素
        if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
            // 记录下旧值
            V oldValue = e.value;
            // 判断是否需要替换旧值
            if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                // 替换旧值为新值
                e.value = value;
            // 在节点被访问后做点什么事,在LinkedHashMap中用到
            afterNodeAccess(e);
            // 返回旧值
            return oldValue;
        }
    }
    // 到这里了说明没有找到元素
    // 修改次数加1
    ++modCount;
    // 元素数量加1,判断是否需要扩容
    if (++size > threshold)
        // 扩容
        resize();
    // 在节点插入后做点什么事,在LinkedHashMap中用到
    afterNodeInsertion(evict);
    // 没找到元素返回null
    return null;
}

(1)计算key的hash值;

(2)如果桶(数组)数量为0,则初始化桶;

(3)如果key所在的桶没有元素,则直接插入;

(4)如果key所在的桶中的第一个元素的key与待插入的key相同,说明找到了元素,转后续流程(9)处理;

(5)如果第一个元素是树节点,则调用树节点的putTreeVal()寻找元素或插入树节点;

(6)如果不是以上三种情况,则遍历桶对应的链表查找key是否存在于链表中;

(7)如果找到了对应key的元素,则转后续流程(9)处理;

(8)如果没找到对应key的元素,则在链表最后插入一个新节点并判断是否需要树化;

(9)如果找到了对应key的元素,则判断是否需要替换旧值,并直接返回旧值;

(10)如果插入了元素,则数量加1并判断是否需要扩容;

resize()方法

扩容方法

/**
 * Initializes or doubles table size.  If null, allocates in
 * accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
 * Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
 * elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
 * with a power of two offset in the new table.
 *
 * @return the table
 */
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
    // 旧数组
    Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
    // 旧容量
    int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
    // 旧扩容门槛
    int oldThr = threshold;
    int newCap, newThr = 0;
    if (oldCap > 0) {
        if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            // 如果旧容量达到了最大容量,则不再进行扩容
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return oldTab;
        }
        else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                 oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
            // 如果旧容量的两倍小于最大容量并且旧容量大于默认初始容量(16),则容量扩大为两部,扩容门槛也扩大为两倍
            newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
    }
    else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
        // 使用非默认构造方法创建的map,第一次插入元素会走到这里
        // 如果旧容量为0且旧扩容门槛大于0,则把新容量赋值为旧门槛
        newCap = oldThr;
    else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
        // 调用默认构造方法创建的map,第一次插入元素会走到这里
        // 如果旧容量旧扩容门槛都是0,说明还未初始化过,则初始化容量为默认容量,扩容门槛为默认容量*默认装载因子
        newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
        newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
    }
    if (newThr == 0) {
        // 如果新扩容门槛为0,则计算为容量*装载因子,但不能超过最大容量
        float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
        newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                  (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    }
    // 赋值扩容门槛为新门槛
    threshold = newThr;
    // 新建一个新容量的数组
    @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
    Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
    // 把桶赋值为新数组
    table = newTab;
    // 如果旧数组不为空,则搬移元素
    if (oldTab != null) {
        // 遍历旧数组
        for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
            Node<K,V> e;
            // 如果桶中第一个元素不为空,赋值给e
            if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                // 清空旧桶,便于GC回收  
                oldTab[j] = null;
                // 如果这个桶中只有一个元素,则计算它在新桶中的位置并把它搬移到新桶中
                // 因为每次都扩容两倍,所以这里的第一个元素搬移到新桶的时候新桶肯定还没有元素
                if (e.next == null)
                    newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                    // 如果第一个元素是树节点,则把这颗树打散成两颗树插入到新桶中去
                    ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                else { // preserve order
                    // 如果这个链表不止一个元素且不是一颗树
                    // 则分化成两个链表插入到新的桶中去
                    // 比如,假如原来容量为4,3、7、11、15这四个元素都在三号桶中
                    // 现在扩容到8,则3和11还是在三号桶,7和15要搬移到七号桶中去
                    // 也就是分化成了两个链表
                    Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                    Node<K,V> next;
                    do {
                        next = e.next;
                        // (e.hash & oldCap) == 0的元素放在低位链表中
                        // 比如,3 & 4 == 0
                        if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                            if (loTail == null)
                                loHead = e;
                            else
                                loTail.next = e;
                            loTail = e;
                        }
                        else {
                            // (e.hash & oldCap) != 0的元素放在高位链表中
                            // 比如,7 & 4 != 0
                            if (hiTail == null)
                                hiHead = e;
                            else
                                hiTail.next = e;
                            hiTail = e;
                        }
                    } while ((e = next) != null);
                    // 遍历完成分化成两个链表了
                    // 低位链表在新桶中的位置与旧桶一样(即3和11还在三号桶中)
                    if (loTail != null) {
                        loTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j] = loHead;
                    }
                     // 高位链表在新桶中的位置正好是原来的位置加上旧容量(即7和15搬移到七号桶了)
                    if (hiTail != null) {
                        hiTail.next = null;
                        newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return newTab;
}

(1)如果使用是默认构造方法,则第一次插入元素时初始化为默认值,容量为16,扩容门槛为12;

(2)如果使用的是非默认构造方法,则第一次插入元素时初始化容量等于扩容门槛,扩容门槛在构造方法里等于传入容量向上最近的2的n次方;

(3)如果旧容量大于0,则新容量等于旧容量的2倍,但不超过最大容量2的30次方,新扩容门槛为旧扩容门槛的2倍;

(4)创建一个新容量的桶;

(5)搬移元素,原链表分化成两个链表,低位链表存储在原来桶的位置,高位链表搬移到原来桶的位置加旧容量的位置;

TreeNode.putTreeVal(…)方法

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