简介
HashMap采用key/value存储结构,每个key对应唯一的value,查询和修改的速度都很快,能达到O(1)的平均时间复杂度。它是非线程安全的,且不保证元素存储的顺序;
继承体系
HashMap实现了Cloneable,可以被克隆。
HashMap实现了Serializable,可以被序列化。
HashMap继承自AbstractMap,实现了Map接口,具有Map的所有功能。
存储结构
在Java中,HashMap的实现采用了(数组 + 链表 + 红黑树)的复杂结构,数组的一个元素又称作桶。
在添加元素时,会根据hash值算出元素在数组中的位置,如果该位置没有元素,则直接把元素放置在此处,如果该位置有元素了,则把元素以链表的形式放置在链表的尾部。
当一个链表的元素个数达到一定的数量(且数组的长度达到一定的长度)后,则把链表转化为红黑树,从而提高效率。
数组的查询效率为O(1),链表的查询效率是O(k),红黑树的查询效率是O(log k),k为桶中的元素个数,所以当元素数量非常多的时候,转化为红黑树能极大地提高效率。
源码解析
属性
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.
* 默认的初始容量为16
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified
* by either of the constructors with arguments.
* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.
* 最大的容量为2的30次方
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.
* 默认的装载因子
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a
* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a
* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater
* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in
* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon
* shrinkage.
* 当一个桶中的元素个数大于等于8时进行树化
*/
static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;
/**
* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a
* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at
* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.
* 当一个桶中的元素个数小于等于6时把树转化为链表
*/
static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;
/**
* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.
* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)
* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts
* between resizing and treeification thresholds.
* 当桶的个数达到64的时候才进行树化
*/
static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;
/**
* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as
* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.
* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow
* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)
* 数组,又叫作桶(bucket)
*/
transient Node<K,V>[] table;
/**
* Holds cached entrySet(). Note that AbstractMap fields are used
* for keySet() and values().
* 作为entrySet()的缓存
*/
transient Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map.
* 元素的数量
*/
transient int size;
/**
* The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g.,
* rehash). This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of
* the HashMap fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
* 修改次数,用于在迭代的时候执行快速失败策略
*/
transient int modCount;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
* 当桶的使用数量达到多少时进行扩容,threshold = capacity * loadFactor
* @serial
*/
// (The javadoc description is true upon serialization.
// Additionally, if the table array has not been allocated, this
// field holds the initial array capacity, or zero signifying
// DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY.)
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table.
* 装载因子
* @serial
*/
final float loadFactor;
(1)容量
容量为数组的长度,亦即桶的个数,默认为16,最大为2的30次方,当容量达到64时才可以树化。
(2)装载因子
装载因子用来计算容量达到多少时才进行扩容,默认装载因子为0.75。
(3)树化
树化,当容量达到64且链表的长度达到8时进行树化,当链表的长度小于6时反树化。
Node内部类
Node是一个典型的单链表节点,其中,hash用来存储key计算得来的hash值。
/**
* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for
* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)
*/
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
final int hash;
final K key;
V value;
Node<K,V> next;
Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
this.hash = hash;
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.next = next;
}
public final K getKey() { return key; }
public final V getValue() { return value; }
public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
public final int hashCode() {
return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
}
public final V setValue(V newValue) {
V oldValue = value;
value = newValue;
return oldValue;
}
public final boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {
Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o;
if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&
Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
TreeNode内部类
这个类继承自LinkedHashMap中的Entry类。
TreeNode是一个典型的树型节点,其中,prev是链表中的节点,用于在删除元素的时候可以快速找到它的前置节点。
// 位于HashMap中
/**
* Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn
* extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or
* linked node.
*/
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends LinkedHashMap.Entry<K,V> {
TreeNode<K,V> parent; // red-black tree links
TreeNode<K,V> left;
TreeNode<K,V> right;
TreeNode<K,V> prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion
boolean red;
}
// 位于LinkedHashMap中,典型的双向链表节点
static class Entry<K,V> extends HashMap.Node<K,V> {
Entry<K,V> before, after;
Entry(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
super(hash, key, value, next);
}
}
HashMap()构造方法
空参构造方法,全部使用默认值。
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the default initial capacity
* (16) and the default load factor (0.75).
*/
public HashMap() {
this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted
}
HashMap(int initialCapacity)构造方法
调用HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)构造方法,传入默认装载因子。
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and the default load factor (0.75).
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative.
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity) {
this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR);
}
HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)构造方法
判断传入的初始容量和装载因子是否合法,并计算扩容门槛,扩容门槛为传入的初始容量往上取最近的2的n次方。
/**
* Constructs an empty <tt>HashMap</tt> with the specified initial
* capacity and load factor.
*
* @param initialCapacity the initial capacity
* @param loadFactor the load factor
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the initial capacity is negative
* or the load factor is nonpositive
*/
public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
// 检查传入的初始容量是否合法
if (initialCapacity < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
initialCapacity);
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
// 检查装载因子是否合法
if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
loadFactor);
this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
// 计算扩容门槛
this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
}
/**
* Returns a power of two size for the given target capacity.
*/
static final int tableSizeFor(int cap) {
// 扩容门槛为传入的初始容量往上取最近的2的n次方
int n = cap - 1;
n |= n >>> 1;
n |= n >>> 2;
n |= n >>> 4;
n |= n >>> 8;
n |= n >>> 16;
return (n < 0) ? 1 : (n >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : n + 1;
}
put(K key, V value)方法
添加元素的入口。
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
* value is replaced.
*
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
* <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
* (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
* previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
// 调用hash(key)计算出key的hash值
return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}
/**
* Computes key.hashCode() and spreads (XORs) higher bits of hash
* to lower. Because the table uses power-of-two masking, sets of
* hashes that vary only in bits above the current mask will
* always collide. (Among known examples are sets of Float keys
* holding consecutive whole numbers in small tables.) So we
* apply a transform that spreads the impact of higher bits
* downward. There is a tradeoff between speed, utility, and
* quality of bit-spreading. Because many common sets of hashes
* are already reasonably distributed (so don't benefit from
* spreading), and because we use trees to handle large sets of
* collisions in bins, we just XOR some shifted bits in the
* cheapest possible way to reduce systematic lossage, as well as
* to incorporate impact of the highest bits that would otherwise
* never be used in index calculations because of table bounds.
*/
static final int hash(Object key) {
int h;
// 如果key为null,则hash值为0,否则调用key的hashCode()方法
// 并让高16位与整个hash异或,这样做是为了使计算出的hash更分散
return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);
}
/**
* Implements Map.put and related methods.
*
* @param hash hash for key
* @param key the key
* @param value the value to put
* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
* @return previous value, or null if none
*/
final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
boolean evict) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
// 如果桶的数量为0,则初始化
if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
// 调用resize()初始化
n = (tab = resize()).length;
// (n - 1) & hash 计算元素在哪个桶中
// 如果这个桶中还没有元素,则把这个元素放在桶中的第一个位置
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
// 新建一个节点放在桶中
tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
else {
// 如果桶中已经有元素存在了
Node<K,V> e;
K k;
// 如果桶中第一个元素的key与待插入元素的key相同,保存到e中用于后续修改value值
if (p.hash == hash &&
((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
e = p;
else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
// 如果第一个元素是树节点,则调用树节点的putTreeVal插入元素
e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
else {
// 遍历这个桶对应的链表,binCount用于存储链表中元素的个数
for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
// 如果链表遍历完了都没有找到相同key的元素,说明该key对应的元素不存在,则在链表最后插入一个新节点
if ((e = p.next) == null) {
p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
// 如果插入新节点后链表长度大于8,则判断是否需要树化,因为第一个元素没有加到binCount中,所以这里-1
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
treeifyBin(tab, hash);
break;
}
// 如果待插入的key在链表中找到了,则退出循环
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
break;
p = e;
}
}
// 如果找到了对应key的元素
if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
// 记录下旧值
V oldValue = e.value;
// 判断是否需要替换旧值
if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
// 替换旧值为新值
e.value = value;
// 在节点被访问后做点什么事,在LinkedHashMap中用到
afterNodeAccess(e);
// 返回旧值
return oldValue;
}
}
// 到这里了说明没有找到元素
// 修改次数加1
++modCount;
// 元素数量加1,判断是否需要扩容
if (++size > threshold)
// 扩容
resize();
// 在节点插入后做点什么事,在LinkedHashMap中用到
afterNodeInsertion(evict);
// 没找到元素返回null
return null;
}
(1)计算key的hash值;
(2)如果桶(数组)数量为0,则初始化桶;
(3)如果key所在的桶没有元素,则直接插入;
(4)如果key所在的桶中的第一个元素的key与待插入的key相同,说明找到了元素,转后续流程(9)处理;
(5)如果第一个元素是树节点,则调用树节点的putTreeVal()寻找元素或插入树节点;
(6)如果不是以上三种情况,则遍历桶对应的链表查找key是否存在于链表中;
(7)如果找到了对应key的元素,则转后续流程(9)处理;
(8)如果没找到对应key的元素,则在链表最后插入一个新节点并判断是否需要树化;
(9)如果找到了对应key的元素,则判断是否需要替换旧值,并直接返回旧值;
(10)如果插入了元素,则数量加1并判断是否需要扩容;
resize()方法
扩容方法
/**
* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in
* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.
* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the
* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move
* with a power of two offset in the new table.
*
* @return the table
*/
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
// 旧数组
Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
// 旧容量
int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
// 旧扩容门槛
int oldThr = threshold;
int newCap, newThr = 0;
if (oldCap > 0) {
if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
// 如果旧容量达到了最大容量,则不再进行扩容
threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
return oldTab;
}
else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
// 如果旧容量的两倍小于最大容量并且旧容量大于默认初始容量(16),则容量扩大为两部,扩容门槛也扩大为两倍
newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
}
else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
// 使用非默认构造方法创建的map,第一次插入元素会走到这里
// 如果旧容量为0且旧扩容门槛大于0,则把新容量赋值为旧门槛
newCap = oldThr;
else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
// 调用默认构造方法创建的map,第一次插入元素会走到这里
// 如果旧容量旧扩容门槛都是0,说明还未初始化过,则初始化容量为默认容量,扩容门槛为默认容量*默认装载因子
newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
}
if (newThr == 0) {
// 如果新扩容门槛为0,则计算为容量*装载因子,但不能超过最大容量
float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
}
// 赋值扩容门槛为新门槛
threshold = newThr;
// 新建一个新容量的数组
@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
// 把桶赋值为新数组
table = newTab;
// 如果旧数组不为空,则搬移元素
if (oldTab != null) {
// 遍历旧数组
for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
Node<K,V> e;
// 如果桶中第一个元素不为空,赋值给e
if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
// 清空旧桶,便于GC回收
oldTab[j] = null;
// 如果这个桶中只有一个元素,则计算它在新桶中的位置并把它搬移到新桶中
// 因为每次都扩容两倍,所以这里的第一个元素搬移到新桶的时候新桶肯定还没有元素
if (e.next == null)
newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
// 如果第一个元素是树节点,则把这颗树打散成两颗树插入到新桶中去
((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
else { // preserve order
// 如果这个链表不止一个元素且不是一颗树
// 则分化成两个链表插入到新的桶中去
// 比如,假如原来容量为4,3、7、11、15这四个元素都在三号桶中
// 现在扩容到8,则3和11还是在三号桶,7和15要搬移到七号桶中去
// 也就是分化成了两个链表
Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
Node<K,V> next;
do {
next = e.next;
// (e.hash & oldCap) == 0的元素放在低位链表中
// 比如,3 & 4 == 0
if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
if (loTail == null)
loHead = e;
else
loTail.next = e;
loTail = e;
}
else {
// (e.hash & oldCap) != 0的元素放在高位链表中
// 比如,7 & 4 != 0
if (hiTail == null)
hiHead = e;
else
hiTail.next = e;
hiTail = e;
}
} while ((e = next) != null);
// 遍历完成分化成两个链表了
// 低位链表在新桶中的位置与旧桶一样(即3和11还在三号桶中)
if (loTail != null) {
loTail.next = null;
newTab[j] = loHead;
}
// 高位链表在新桶中的位置正好是原来的位置加上旧容量(即7和15搬移到七号桶了)
if (hiTail != null) {
hiTail.next = null;
newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
}
}
}
}
}
return newTab;
}
(1)如果使用是默认构造方法,则第一次插入元素时初始化为默认值,容量为16,扩容门槛为12;
(2)如果使用的是非默认构造方法,则第一次插入元素时初始化容量等于扩容门槛,扩容门槛在构造方法里等于传入容量向上最近的2的n次方;
(3)如果旧容量大于0,则新容量等于旧容量的2倍,但不超过最大容量2的30次方,新扩容门槛为旧扩容门槛的2倍;
(4)创建一个新容量的桶;
(5)搬移元素,原链表分化成两个链表,低位链表存储在原来桶的位置,高位链表搬移到原来桶的位置加旧容量的位置;
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